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金卤灯工作原理
电弧管内充有汞、惰性气体和一种以上的金属卤化物。工作时，汞蒸发，电弧管内汞蒸气压
The arc tube is filled with mercury, inert gas and more than one metal halide. Mercury vapor pressure in arc tube during evaporation of mercury
达几个大气压（零点几个兆帕）；卤化物也从管壁上蒸发，扩散进入高温电弧柱内分解，金属原子被电离激发，辐射出特征谱线。当金属离子扩散返回管壁时，在靠近管壁的较冷区域中与卤原子相遇，并且重新结合生成卤化物分子。这种循环过程不断地向电弧提供金属蒸气。电弧轴心处的金属蒸气分压与管壁处卤化物蒸气的分压相近，一般为 1330～13300Pa。通常采用的金属平均激发电位为4eV左右，而汞的激发电位为7.8eV。金属光谱的总辐射功率可以大幅度超过汞的辐射功率。结果，典型的金属卤化物灯输出的谱线主要是金属光谱。充填不同种金属卤化物可改善灯的显色性（平均显色指数Ra为70～95）。汞电弧总辐射中仅有23%在可见光区域内，而金属卤化物电弧的总辐射则有50%以上在可见光区域内，灯的发光效率可高达120lm/W以上。 金属卤化物与电极、石英玻璃之间以及卤化物相互之间在高温下都会引起化学反应。金属卤化物容易潮解，极少量水的吸入可造成放电不正常，使灯管发黑。电极电子发射物质系采用氧化镝、氧化钇、氧化钪等，以防止发射物质与卤素发生反应。电弧管内有些金属(如钠)会迁移，结果会使卤素过量，导致卤素负电性极强，引起电弧收缩和启动电压、工作电压升高。金属卤化物灯仅靠触发电极的作用是不能可靠启动的，一般采用双金属片启动器，或者采用有足够高启动电压的漏磁变压器，也有采用电子触发器的。金属卤化物灯的点燃还需要限流器（即镇流器），其工作电流比同功率高压汞灯的要大一些。
Up to several atmospheric pressures (several megapa at zero); halides also evaporate from the wall of the tube, diffuse into the high temperature arc column and decompose. Metal atoms are excited by ionization and emit characteristic spectra. When metal ions diffuse back to the tube wall, they meet with halogen atoms in a relatively cold region near the tube wall and recombine to form halide molecules. This cycling process continuously provides metal vapor to the arc. The partial pressure of metal vapor at the arc axis is similar to that of halide vapor at the pipe wall, generally 1330-13300 Pa. The average excitation potential of metals is about 4 eV, while that of mercury is 7.8 eV. The total radiation power of metal spectrum can exceed that of mercury by a large margin. As a result, the output spectrum of typical metal halide lamps is mainly metal spectrum. Filling different kinds of metal halides can improve the color rendering of the lamp (the average color rendering index Ra is 70-95). Only 23% of the total radiation of mercury arc is in the visible region, while more than 50% of the total radiation of metal halide arc is in the visible region. The luminous efficiency of the lamp can be as high as 120 lm/W. Metal halides react with electrodes, quartz glass and halides at high temperatures. Metal halides are easy to be deliquescent. Inhalation of very small amount of water can cause abnormal discharge and make the lamp black. Electrode electron emitters are dysprosium oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, etc. to prevent the reaction between emitters and halogens. Some metals (such as sodium) will migrate in the arc tube, resulting in excessive halogen, resulting in strong negative halogen, resulting in arc contraction, starting voltage and working voltage increase. Metal halide lamp can not be started reliably only by the action of trigger electrodes. Generally, bimetal sheet starter, magnetic flux leakage transformer with sufficient high starting voltage and electronic trigger are used. The metal halide lamp also needs a current limiter (ballast) to ignite, and its working current is larger than that of the same power high-pressure mercury lamp.
The arc tube is filled with mercury, inert gas and more than one metal halide. Mercury vapor pressure in arc tube during evaporation of mercury
达几个大气压（零点几个兆帕）；卤化物也从管壁上蒸发，扩散进入高温电弧柱内分解，金属原子被电离激发，辐射出特征谱线。当金属离子扩散返回管壁时，在靠近管壁的较冷区域中与卤原子相遇，并且重新结合生成卤化物分子。这种循环过程不断地向电弧提供金属蒸气。电弧轴心处的金属蒸气分压与管壁处卤化物蒸气的分压相近，一般为 1330～13300Pa。通常采用的金属平均激发电位为4eV左右，而汞的激发电位为7.8eV。金属光谱的总辐射功率可以大幅度超过汞的辐射功率。结果，典型的金属卤化物灯输出的谱线主要是金属光谱。充填不同种金属卤化物可改善灯的显色性（平均显色指数Ra为70～95）。汞电弧总辐射中仅有23%在可见光区域内，而金属卤化物电弧的总辐射则有50%以上在可见光区域内，灯的发光效率可高达120lm/W以上。 金属卤化物与电极、石英玻璃之间以及卤化物相互之间在高温下都会引起化学反应。金属卤化物容易潮解，极少量水的吸入可造成放电不正常，使灯管发黑。电极电子发射物质系采用氧化镝、氧化钇、氧化钪等，以防止发射物质与卤素发生反应。电弧管内有些金属(如钠)会迁移，结果会使卤素过量，导致卤素负电性极强，引起电弧收缩和启动电压、工作电压升高。金属卤化物灯仅靠触发电极的作用是不能可靠启动的，一般采用双金属片启动器，或者采用有足够高启动电压的漏磁变压器，也有采用电子触发器的。金属卤化物灯的点燃还需要限流器（即镇流器），其工作电流比同功率高压汞灯的要大一些。
Up to several atmospheric pressures (several megapa at zero); halides also evaporate from the wall of the tube, diffuse into the high temperature arc column and decompose. Metal atoms are excited by ionization and emit characteristic spectra. When metal ions diffuse back to the tube wall, they meet with halogen atoms in a relatively cold region near the tube wall and recombine to form halide molecules. This cycling process continuously provides metal vapor to the arc. The partial pressure of metal vapor at the arc axis is similar to that of halide vapor at the pipe wall, generally 1330-13300 Pa. The average excitation potential of metals is about 4 eV, while that of mercury is 7.8 eV. The total radiation power of metal spectrum can exceed that of mercury by a large margin. As a result, the output spectrum of typical metal halide lamps is mainly metal spectrum. Filling different kinds of metal halides can improve the color rendering of the lamp (the average color rendering index Ra is 70-95). Only 23% of the total radiation of mercury arc is in the visible region, while more than 50% of the total radiation of metal halide arc is in the visible region. The luminous efficiency of the lamp can be as high as 120 lm/W. Metal halides react with electrodes, quartz glass and halides at high temperatures. Metal halides are easy to be deliquescent. Inhalation of very small amount of water can cause abnormal discharge and make the lamp black. Electrode electron emitters are dysprosium oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, etc. to prevent the reaction between emitters and halogens. Some metals (such as sodium) will migrate in the arc tube, resulting in excessive halogen, resulting in strong negative halogen, resulting in arc contraction, starting voltage and working voltage increase. Metal halide lamp can not be started reliably only by the action of trigger electrodes. Generally, bimetal sheet starter, magnetic flux leakage transformer with sufficient high starting voltage and electronic trigger are used. The metal halide lamp also needs a current limiter (ballast) to ignite, and its working current is larger than that of the same power high-pressure mercury lamp.
